12KhM

billets, forgings, boiler tubes for continuous service at temperatures up to 500 degrees.

Classification

Country	Section	Category
Country	Section	Category
CIS, Russia, Ukraine	Heat resistant steels and alloys	Heat resistant low alloy steel

Chemical composition

Standard	Fe, %	Si, %	Mn, %	Cr, %	Ni, %	P, %	C, %	S, %	Mo, %
Standard	Fe, %	Si, %	Mn, %	Cr, %	Ni, %	P, %	C, %	S, %	Mo, %
GOST 5520-79	96.77–98.23	0.17–0.37	0.4–0.7	0.8–1.1	< 0.3	< 0.025	< 0.16	< 0.025	0.4–0.55

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Physical characteristics

Temperature, °C	$E\cdot 10^{9}$ , $MPa$	$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$ , $K^{-1}$	$\varkappa$ , $\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	$\rho$ , $\frac{kg}{m^3}$	$c\cdot 10^{-3}$ , $\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	$R\cdot 10^{-6}$ , $\Omega\cdot m$
Temperature, °C	$E\cdot 10^{9}$ , $MPa$	$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$ , $K^{-1}$	$\varkappa$ , $\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	$\rho$ , $\frac{kg}{m^3}$	$c\cdot 10^{-3}$ , $\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	$R\cdot 10^{-6}$ , $\Omega\cdot m$
20	216			7850	0.498
100	210	11.2	50.24			0.24
200	204	12.5	50.24		0.519	0.33
300	199	12.7	50.24		0.569	0.41
400	193	12.9	48.56		0.595	0.54
500	182	13.2	46.89		0.653	0.64
600	173	13.5	46.05		0.733	0.74
700		13.8	43.96		0.888	0.9

Mechanical properties at 20 °C

Rolling	Standard	Size, mm	Tension	Classifiers	$\sigma _{U}$ , $MPa$	$\sigma_{P}$ , $MPa$	$\epsilon_L$ , %	$\psi$ , %	$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$ , $\frac{J}{m^2}$	Treatment
Rolling	Standard	Size, mm	Tension	Classifiers	$\sigma _{U}$ , $MPa$	$\sigma_{P}$ , $MPa$	$\epsilon_L$ , %	$\psi$ , %	$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$ , $\frac{J}{m^2}$	Treatment
Sheet	GOST 5520-79				430–550	235–245	18–22		490–590
Trumpet					455	284	31.5	66.5	1930	Normalization of 910-930 ° C, and Holidays 670-690 ° C, air cooling

Critical point temperatures

Ac₁, K	Ac₃(Ac_m), K	Ar₃(Arc_m), K	Ar₁, K
Ac₁, K	Ac₃(Ac_m), K	Ar₃(Arc_m), K	Ar₁, K
720	880	790	695

Analogues

Germany	USA
Germany	USA
1.7335	A182

Standards

Standard	Description
Standard	Description
GOST 5520-79

Description of chemical elements

Element	Units of measurement	Description
Element	Units of measurement	Description
Fe	%	Iron
Si	%	Silicon
Mn	%	Manganese
Cr	%	Chrome
Ni	%	Nickel
P	%	Phosphorus
C	%	Carbon
S	%	Sulfur
Mo	%	Molybdenum

Description of physical characteristics

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
$E\cdot 10^{9}$	$MPa$	Elastic modulus
$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$	$K^{-1}$	Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20°C–T)
$\varkappa$	$\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	Coefficient of thermal conductivity (the heat capacity of the material)
$\rho$	$\frac{kg}{m^3}$	The density of the material
$c\cdot 10^{-3}$	$\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	The specific heat of the material (range 20°C–T)
$R\cdot 10^{-6}$	$\Omega\cdot m$	Electrical resistivity

Description of mechanical properties

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
$\sigma _{U}$	$MPa$	Ultimate tensile strength
$\sigma_{P}$	$MPa$	Proportionality limit
$\epsilon_L$	%	Elongation at break (longitudinal)
$\psi$	%	Reduction in cross section on fracture
$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$	$\frac{J}{m^2}$	Impact toughness

Description of temperatures of critical points

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Ac₁	K
Ac₃(Ac_m)	K
Ar₃(Arc_m)	K
Ar₁	K