35HM

Shafts, gears, spindles, bolts, flanges, wheels, tires, stocks and other critical parts, working in conditions of high loads and speeds at temperatures up to 450−500 ° C.

Classification

Country	Section	Category
Country	Section	Category
CIS, Russia, Ukraine	Heat resistant steels and alloys	Heat-resistant relaxation-resistant steel

Chemical composition

Standard	Fe, %	Si, %	Mn, %	Cr, %	Cu, %	Ni, %	P, %	C, %	S, %	Mo, %
Standard	Fe, %	Si, %	Mn, %	Cr, %	Cu, %	Ni, %	P, %	C, %	S, %	Mo, %
GOST 4543-71	96.51–98.16	0.17–0.37	0.4–0.7	0.8–1.1	< 0.3	< 0.3	< 0.035	0.32–0.4	< 0.035	0.15–0.25

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Physical characteristics

Temperature, °C	$E\cdot 10^{9}$ , $MPa$	$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$ , $K^{-1}$	$\varkappa$ , $\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	$\rho$ , $\frac{kg}{m^3}$	$c\cdot 10^{-3}$ , $\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	$R\cdot 10^{-6}$ , $\Omega\cdot m$
Temperature, °C	$E\cdot 10^{9}$ , $MPa$	$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$ , $K^{-1}$	$\varkappa$ , $\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	$\rho$ , $\frac{kg}{m^3}$	$c\cdot 10^{-3}$ , $\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	$R\cdot 10^{-6}$ , $\Omega\cdot m$
20	218			7820		0.328
100	216	12.3	40.6	7800	0.462	0.36
200		12.6	39.8	7770
300	205	12.9	38.5	7740		0.425
400	195	13.9	37.3	7700		0.523
500	186	14.4		7660		0.628
600		14.6

Mechanical properties at 20 °C

Rolling	Standard	Size, mm	Tension	Classifiers	$\sigma _{U}$ , $MPa$	$\sigma_{P}$ , $MPa$	$\epsilon_L$ , %	$\psi$ , %	$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$ , $\frac{J}{m^2}$	Treatment
Rolling	Standard	Size, mm	Tension	Classifiers	$\sigma _{U}$ , $MPa$	$\sigma_{P}$ , $MPa$	$\epsilon_L$ , %	$\psi$ , %	$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$ , $\frac{J}{m^2}$	Treatment
Rod	GOST 4543-71	25			930	835	12	45	780	Hardening and tempering
Forgings		< 100			950	750	13	42	650	Tempering 850-880 ° C, oil, Holidays 585-650 ° C
Forgings		< 120			900	710	13	42	650	Tempering 850-880 ° C, oil, Holidays 585-650 ° C
Forgings		< 150			800	600	14	45	650	Tempering 850-880 ° C, oil, Holidays 585-650 ° C
Forgings		< 200			700	500	16	45	600	Tempering 850-880 ° C, oil, Holidays 585-650 ° C

Brinell hardness number

Rolling	Standard	Classifiers	Value, HBW
Rolling	Standard	Classifiers	Value, HBW
Alloy	GOST 4543-71	annealing	241

Technological Properties

Weldability	Flake Susceptibility	Propensity to temper brittleness
Weldability	Flake Susceptibility	Propensity to temper brittleness
Boundedly welded	sensitive	not inclined

Critical point temperatures

Ac₁, K	Ac₃(Ac_m), K	Ar₃(Arc_m), K	Ar₁, K
Ac₁, K	Ac₃(Ac_m), K	Ar₃(Arc_m), K	Ar₁, K
755	800	750	695

Analogues

Germany	USA
Germany	USA
1.722	4135

Standards

Standard	Description
Standard	Description
GOST 4543-71

Description of chemical elements

Element	Units of measurement	Description
Element	Units of measurement	Description
Fe	%	Iron
Si	%	Silicon
Mn	%	Manganese
Cr	%	Chrome
Cu	%	Copper
Ni	%	Nickel
P	%	Phosphorus
C	%	Carbon
S	%	Sulfur
Mo	%	Molybdenum

Description of physical characteristics

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
$E\cdot 10^{9}$	$MPa$	Elastic modulus
$\alpha\cdot 10^{6}$	$K^{-1}$	Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20°C–T)
$\varkappa$	$\frac{W}{m\cdot K}$	Coefficient of thermal conductivity (the heat capacity of the material)
$\rho$	$\frac{kg}{m^3}$	The density of the material
$c\cdot 10^{-3}$	$\frac{J}{kg\cdot K}$	The specific heat of the material (range 20°C–T)
$R\cdot 10^{-6}$	$\Omega\cdot m$	Electrical resistivity

Description of mechanical properties

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
$\sigma _{U}$	$MPa$	Ultimate tensile strength
$\sigma_{P}$	$MPa$	Proportionality limit
$\epsilon_L$	%	Elongation at break (longitudinal)
$\psi$	%	Reduction in cross section on fracture
$KCU\cdot 10^{3}$	$\frac{J}{m^2}$	Impact toughness

Designation of types of weldability

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
no limits		Welding is performed without heating and without subsequent heat treatment
Boundedly welded		Welding is possible with heating up to 100–120 °C and subsequent heat treatment
Difficult to weld		For obtaining quality welded joints, additional operations are required: heating up to 200–300 °C for welding, heat treatment after welding — annealing
Not applicable for welded structures

Description of temperatures of critical points

Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Parameter	Units of measurement	Description
Ac₁	K
Ac₃(Ac_m)	K
Ar₃(Arc_m)	K
Ar₁	K